![]() The aim of this review is to provide a core definition of slow breathing, and summarise the major documented effects in healthy humans in order to form a knowledge base of the physiology and proposed mechanisms of slow breathing techniques upon which potential clinical applications can be discussed.History of slow breathing Documented effects predominantly span the cardiovascular, autonomic, respiratory, endocrine and brain systems. ![]() The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human, however, are yet to be comprehensively reviewed. The last decade has seen the emergence of literature documenting the effects and potential clinical benefits of slow breathing techniques, predominantly in disease states. This is a topic that warrants further research, understanding and discussion. The review ends with a brief discussion of the potential clinical implications of slow breathing techniques. The review focuses on the physiological implications to the respiratory, cardiovascular, cardiorespiratory and autonomic nervous systems, with particular focus on diaphragm activity, ventilation efficiency, haemodynamics, heart rate variability, cardiorespiratory coupling, respiratory sinus arrhythmia and sympathovagal balance. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of normal respiratory physiology and the documented physiological effects of slow breathing techniques according to research in healthy humans. ![]() This has piqued the interest of researchers and clinicians who have initiated investigations into the physiological (and psychological) effects of slow breathing techniques and attempted to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Slow breathing practices have been adopted in the modern world across the globe due to their claimed health benefits.
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